World Zoonoses Day is held every year on July 6. The day commemorates July 6, 1885, when Louis Pasteur successfully administered the first vaccine against Rabies virus, a zoonotic disease. Theme day raises awareness for the risk of zoonotic diseases. Zoonoses are infectious diseases (virus, bacteria and parasites) that can be spread from animals to humans, and vice versa. Zoonoses can spread from direct contact with animals or indirectly, vector-borne or food-borne.

Zoonotic diseases are very common, for example tick-borne encephalitis and borreliosis. But also many foodborne infectious diseases like salmonella, Yersinia, EHEC, botulism or campylobacter are all also zoonoses.

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Approximately 150 zoonotic diseases are known to exist. Wildlife serves as a reservoir for many diseases common to domestic animals and humans. Persons working with wildlife should be alert to the potential for disease transmission from animals. Neither animal handlers nor the general public have reason to be alarmed or frightened but everyone should respect the potential for disease transmission and use sound preventive measures. Generally, disease can be easily prevented than treated. Nowadays, there is effective prevention through advance measures in medical science and vaccination.

Zoonosis
Zoonosis is derived from the Greek words zoon ‘animal’ and  nosos ‘ailment’.

Zoonosis (also spelled zoönosis and zoonoses) describes the process whereby an infectious disease is transmitted between species (sometimes by a vector) from animals other than humans to humans or from humans to other animals (the latter is sometimes called reverse zoonosis or anthroponosis). In direct zoonosis the agent needs only one host for completion of its life cycle, without a significant change during transmission.
In a systematic review of 1,415 pathogens known to infect humans, 61% were zoonotic. The emergence of a pathogen into a new host species is called disease invasion or ‘disease emergence’.

The emerging interdisciplinary field of conservation medicine, which integrates human and veterinary medicine and environmental sciences, is largely concerned with zoonoses.

Most human prehistory was spent as groups of hunter-gatherers usually with fewer than 150 individuals that were not often in contact with other bands. Because of this, epidemic or pandemic diseases, which depend on a constant influx of humans who have not developed an immune response, tended to burn out after their first run through a population. To survive, a biological pathogen had to be a chronic infection, stay alive in the host for long periods, or have a non-human reservoir in which to live while waiting for new hosts to pass by. In fact, for many ‘human’ diseases, the human is actually an accidental victim and a dead-end host. (This is the case with rabies, anthrax, tularemia, West Nile virus, and many others). Thus, much of human development has been in relation to zoonotic, not epidemic, diseases.
The major factor contributing to the appearance of new zoonotic pathogens in human populations is increased contact between humans and wildlife. This can be caused either by encroachment of human activity into wilderness areas or by movement of wild animals into areas of human activity.

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People can get zoonotic diseases from contact with infected live poultry, rodents, reptiles, amphibians, insects, and other domestic and wild animals. A common way for these diseases to spread is through the bite of a mosquito or tick. People can get diseases in most places where they might have contact with infected animals and insects, including:
Animal displays
Petting zoos
Pet stores
Nature parks
Wooded and bushy areas
FarmsCounty or state fairs
Child–care facilities or schools

The most common zoonotic diseases:

• Plague

• Tuberculosis

Cat Scratch Fever
Tick Paralysis
Hantavirus
Ringworm
Salmonellosis
Leptospirosis
Lyme disease
Campylobacter infection
Giardia infection
Cryptosporidium infection
Roundworms
Hookworms
Scabies
Harvest mites
Rabies

How to avoid zoonotic diseases?

• Good hand hygiene by washing hands with soap and clean water
• Preventive clothing for bites from mosquitoes, ticks and fleas
• Store and handle food safely and cook properly
• Avoid bites and scratches from animals

In clinical laboratories remember to maintain high-quality diagnostics. Labquality organises annually following external quality assessment schemes for zoonotic diagnostics:

Virology

5560 / Puumala virus, antibodies

5099 / Tick-borne encephalitis virus, antibodies

5635 / Dengue virus, antigen and antibody detection

Bacteriology

5180 / Salmonella, culture

5960 / Borrelia burgdorferi, antibodies

5190 / Faecal culture

5191 / Faecal bacterial pathogens, nucleic acid detection

Parasitology

5430 / Malaria, antigen detection

5420 / Toksoplasma, antibodies

5450 / Parasites in feces, virtual microscopy

5470, 5471 / Parasites in blood, virtual microscopy

5472 / Giardia and Cryptosporidium, nucleic acid detection

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NOTE: Microsoft Kaizala has retired on 31st August 2023. Kaizala moved to Microsoft Teams from 1st September 2023.

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A. Simple: Telegram is so simple you already know how to use it.
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F. Open: Telegram has an open API and source code free for everyone.
G. Secure: Telegram keeps your messages safe from hacker attacks.
H. Expressive: Telegram lets you completely customise your messenger.

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