World Polio Day was established by Rotary International over a decade ago to commemorate the birth of Jonas Salk, who led the first team to develop a vaccine against poliomyelitis. Use of this inactivated poliovirus vaccine and subsequent widespread use of the oral poliovirus, developed by Albert Sabin, led to the establishment of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in 1988. As of 2013, GPEI had reduced polio worldwide by 99%.

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Polio is a crippling and potentially fatal infectious disease. There is no cure, but there are safe and effective vaccines. Polio can be prevented through immunisation. Polio vaccine, given multiple times, almost always protects a child for life. The strategy to eradicate polio is therefore based on preventing infection by immunising every child until transmission stops and the world is polio-free.

History of Polio

In the early 20th century, polio was one of the most feared diseases in industrialised countries, paralysing hundreds of thousands of children every year. Soon after the introduction of effective vaccines in the 1950s and 1960s however, polio was brought under control and practically eliminated as a public health problem in these countries.

1580 – 1350 BC: An Egyptian stele portrays a priest with a withered leg, suggesting that polio has existed for thousands of years.

Contd…

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1789: British physician Dr.Michael Underwood attempts the first known clinical description of polio called “Debility of the lower extremities”.

1840: In Germany, Dr.Jacob von Heine conducts the first systemcatic investigation of polio and develops the theory that the disease may be contagious.

1894: The first significant outbreak of infantile paralysis subsequentlhy identified as polio is documented in the USA.

1907: Swedish paediatrician Dr.Ivar WIckman categorises the different clinical types of polio.

1908: Austrian physicians Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper hypothesize that polio may be caused by a virus.

1916: A polio epidemic in New York, USA, heightens concern on both sides of the Atlantic and accelerates research into how the disease is spread.

1931: Sir Macfarlane Burnet and Dame Jeam MacNamara identify several types of polio virus, known as types 1, 2 and 3.

1938: The USA establishes the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, which later becomes the March of Dimes – a fund raising organisation focusing on polio research.

1948: Thomas Weller and Frederick Robbins successfully grow live polio virus in live cells. Six years later they receive the Nobel Prize for their work.

1955: Dr.Jonas Salk develops the first vaccine against polio – an injectable, inactived (killed) polio vaccine (IPV).

1961: Dr.Albert Sabin develops a “live” oral vaccine against polio (OPV), which rapidly becomes the vaccine of choice for most national immunisation programmes in the World.

1970 to 1980: Lameness surveys demonstrate the polio is widespread in many developing countries, leading to the introduction of routine immunisation with OPV in almost all national immunisation programmes.

1974: The World Health Assembly passes a resolution to create the Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) to bring vaccines to the world’s children.

1985: Rotary International launches Polio Plus, the first and largest international coordinated private-sector support of a public health initiative, with an initial pledge of US $120 million.

1988: The World Health Assembly passes a resolution to eradicate polio by the year 2000. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative is launched.

1990: The Global Polio Laboratory Network is formally established to detect the presence of wild and vaccine-derived polio viruses in countries.

1991: The last case of wild polio occurs in the WHO region of the Americas. He is a three year old boy called Luis Fermin Tenorio living in Junin, Northern Peru.

1994: The WHO region of the Americas is certified polio-free. In China, 80 million children are vaccinated.

1995: More than 56 million children are vaccinated in 19 countries of the WHO European and Eastern Mediterranean Regions. In India, 87 million children are vaccinated.

1996: Nelson Mandela officially launches the Kick Polio Out of Africa Campaign and 420 million African children vaccinated during National Immunisation Days.

1997: The last case of wild polio occurs in the WHO Western Pacific Region. She is a 15 month old girl called Mum Chanty living near Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

1998: The Turkey on 26th November 1998, Melik Minas, a 33 month old unvaccinated child is the last child paralysed by indigenous wild poliovirus in the European region.

1999: The UN Secretary General agrees to negotiate truces for immunisation in the Democratic Republic of Congo. National Immunisation Days are conducted in war torn Liberia.

2000: The WHO Western Pacific Region is certified polio free. A record 550 million children – almost one-tenth of the world’s population receive the oral polio vaccine.

2001: 575 million children are vaccinated in 94 countries including 35 million in Afghanistan and Pak and 16 million in conflict-affected countries in Central Africa.

2002: The WHO European region is certified polio-free. 500 million children are vaccinated in 100 countries.

2003: In Northern Nigeria, polio immunisation campaigns are suspended following unfounded rumours regarding the safety of the polio vaccine. Subsequently a new outbreak occurs.

2004: In Africa, synchronised National Immunisation Days in 23 countries target 80 million children – the largest coordinated polio immunisation effort on the continent.

2005: New monovalent oral polio vaccines (mOPV) become available to enhance the impact of supplementary immunisation activities.

2006: Four endemic countries remain: Afghanistan, India, Nigeria and Pak. Outbreaks in Yemen and Indonesia – which suffer the largest, single country outbreaks in recent years are successfully stopped.

2007: More than 400 million children are immunised in 27 countries. On International Peace Day, 80000 previously inaccessible children are reached with polio vaccine in southern Afghanistan.

2008: A new outbreak of polio spreads from Nigeria to West Africa. Polio eradication becomes the World Health Organisation’s “top operational priority”.

2009: Outbreaks in Central African Republic, Guinea, Kenya and Cote d’lvoire are successfully stopped.

2010: Large outbreaks with more than 400 cases wild poliovirus occur in both Tajikistan and Congo. Transmission is stopped by the end of the year in both countries.

2011: The last case of wild poliovirus is reported in India.

2012: The last case of wild poliovirus type 3 is recorded in Nigeria in November.

2014: The WHO Region of South-East Asia is declared polio free by the World Health Organisation.

2016: The globally synchronised switch from trivalent to bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine is implemented in April 2016. This is the first part of the phased withdrawal of all oral polio vaccine.

It took somewhat longer for polio to be recognised as a major problem in developing countries. Lameness surveys during the 1970s revealed that the disease was also prevalent in developing countries. As a result, during the 1970s routine immunisation was introduced worldwide as part of national immunisation programmes, helping to control the disease in many developing countries.

In 1988, when the Global Polio Eradication Initiative began, polio paralysed more than 1000 children worldwide every day. Since then, more than 2.5 billion children have been immunised against polio thanks to the cooperation of more than 200 countries and 20 million volunteers, backed by an international investment of more than US$ 11 billion.

There are now only 3 countries that have never stopped polio transmission and global incidence of polio cases has decreased by 99%.

There has also been success in eradicating certain strains of the virus; of the three types of wild polioviruses (WPVs), the last case of type 2 was reported in 1999 and its eradication was declared in September 2015; the most recent case of type 3 dates to November 2012.

However, tackling the last 1% of polio cases has still proved to be difficult. Conflict, political instability, hard-to-reach populations, and poor infrastructure continue to pose challenges to eradicating the disease. Each country offers a unique set of challenges which require local solutions. Thus, in 2013 the Global Polio Eradication Initiative launched its most comprehensive and ambitious plan for completely eradicating polio. It is an all-encompassing strategic plan that clearly outlines measures for eliminating polio in its last strongholds and for maintaining a polio-free world.

Use this interactive timeline to trace the history of polio from 1580 B.C. to the present.

The Disease

Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious disease that most commonly affects children under the age of 5.

Most know it as poliovirus. The virus is spread person to person, typically through contaminated water. It can attack the nervous system, and in some instances, lead to paralysis. Although there is no cure, there is a safe and effective vaccine – one which Rotary and our partners use to immunise over 2.5 billion children worldwide.

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