Earth Hour is a worldwide movement organised by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). The event is held annually encouraging individuals, communities, and businesses to turn off non-essential electric lights, for one hour, from 8:30 to 9:30 p.m. on a specific day towards the end of March, as a symbol of commitment to the planet. It was started as a lights-off event in Sydney, Australia, in 2007. Since then, it has grown to engage more than 7,000 cities and towns across 187 countries and territories to raise awareness for energy consumption and effects on the environment.

Occasionally, in years when Holy Saturday falls on the last Saturday of March, Earth Hour is moved a week early rather than its usual date.

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History

Conception and start: 2004–2007
In 2004, confronted with scientific findings, WWF Australia met with advertising agency Leo Burnett Sydney to “discuss ideas for engaging Australians on the issue of climate change”. The idea of a large scale switch off was coined and developed in 2006, originally under the working title “The Big Flick”. WWF Australia presented their concept to Fairfax Media who, along with Sydney Lord Mayor Clover Moore, agreed to back the event. The 2007 Earth Hour was held on March 31 in Sydney, Australia at 7:30 pm, local time.

In October 2007 San Francisco ran its own “Lights Out” program inspired by the Sydney Earth Hour. After their successful event in October, the organisers decided to rally behind the Earth Hour being planned for March 2008.

Measurement of reduction in electricity use

The Earth Hour Global FAQ page states:

Earth Hour does not purport to be an energy/carbon reduction exercise, it is a symbolic action. Therefore, we do not engage in the measurement of energy/carbon reduction levels for the hour itself. Earth Hour is an initiative to encourage individuals, businesses and governments around the world to take accountability for their ecological footprint and engage in dialogue and resource exchange that provides real solutions to our environmental challenges. Participation in Earth Hour symbolises a commitment to change beyond the hour.

A 2014 study published in Energy Research and Social Science compiled 274 measurements of observed changes in electricity demand caused by Earth Hour in 10 countries, spanning 6 years, and found that the events reduced electricity consumption an average of 4%. The study noted the policy challenge of converting Earth Hour’s short-term energy saving into longer-term actions, including sustained changes in behaviour and investment.

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Criticism

Bjørn Lomborg, author of The Skeptical Environmentalist, wrote, “It is vital to make solar and other new technology cheaper than fossil fuels quickly so we can turn off carbon energy sources for a lot longer than one hour and keep the planet running… Fossil fuels literally gave us an enlightenment, by lighting our world and giving us protection from the fury of the elements. It is ironic that today’s pure symbolism should hark back to a darker age.” Lomborg also pointed out the feel-good factor Earth Hour creates, noting that it is an “ineffective feel good event” that makes people feel they are doing something for the environment, while in reality the amount of carbon emissions reduced by the earth hour is negligible.

Other criticisms of Earth Hour have included the following:

Some critics point out that the reduction in power consumption during Earth Hour itself is relatively insignificant. The Herald Sun equated the power savings in the Sydney central business district to “taking 48,613 cars off the road for 1 hour”. Australian columnist Andrew Bolt pointed out that “A cut so tiny is trivial – equal to taking six cars off the road for a year”.

Other environmentalists have criticised Earth Hour’s focus on individual behaviour, when a small number of fossil fuel companies have emitted the vast majority of man-made carbon emissions. Adam McGibbon, writing for The Independent, criticised Earth Hour for releasing fossil fuel companies and politicians from their responsibility to deal with climate change.

The Christian Science Monitor said that most candles are made from paraffin, a heavy hydrocarbon derived from crude oil, a fossil fuel, and that depending on how many candles a person burns (if one uses candles during Earth Hour), whether or not they normally use compact fluorescent light bulbs, and what source of energy is used to produce their electricity, in some cases, replacing light bulbs with candles will cause an increase, instead of a decrease, in carbon dioxide emissions.

On March 29, 2009, one day after Earth Hour 2009, Dân Trí Daily News published an editorial expressing concern that many young people chose to drive around the darkened city of Hanoi for fun, exhausting petroleum instead of electricity and resulting in long traffic jams.
George Marshall of the Climate Outreach Information Network criticised Earth Hour for “playing into the hands of (the critics of environmentalists),” as darkness is symbolic of fear and decay. “The overwhelming need at the moment is to inspire ordinary people with a vision of a better world, to make them feel that action on climate change is utterly desirable and positive…. the cultural resonance (of Earth Hour) couldn’t be any worse.”

The Competitive Enterprise Institute has introduced an opposing Human Achievement Hour in celebration of human progress in various fields of industry, including technology, medicine, energy, and more. During this hour, the Institute suggests that people celebrate by using modern technology such as electricity, telecommunications and indoor plumbing.

In 2009, economist Ross McKitrick criticised the idea, saying, “Abundant, cheap electricity has been the greatest source of human liberation in the 20th century. The whole mentality around Earth Hour demonises electricity.”

In March 2010, The Daily Telegraph quoted Ross Hayman, head of media relations at the UK National Grid, as saying “it could therefore result in an increase in carbon emissions” due to complications related to rapidly lowering then raising electricity generation.

In February 2010, Rick Giles, president of ACT on Campus, the youth wing of New Zealand’s ACT Party, appeared on the morning television show Sunrise to denounce Earth Hour and instead suggested the celebration of “Edison Hour”. He argued that Earth Hour is an “anti-technology” cause, and that people will simply use candles instead, which is undesirable as they are petroleum-based. He argued that if we are heading for some kind of disaster, it makes sense to use technology to combat this. Rick said “I think my argument is so powerful that it’s not necessary to talk about it”.

The Ayn Rand Institute wrote, “Participants spend an enjoyable sixty minutes in the dark, safe in the knowledge that the life-saving benefits of industrial civilisation are just a light switch away… Forget one measly hour with just the lights off. How about Earth Month… Try spending a month shivering in the dark without heating, electricity, refrigeration; without power plants or generators; without any of the labor-saving, time-saving, and therefore life-saving products that industrial energy makes possible.”

Expressing sarcastic support for Earth Hour, the pro-carbon Carbon Sense Coalition wants Earth Hour to be renamed “Blackout Night”, and to be held outside on the shortest and coldest day of the year ” to prepare our population for the dark days ahead”.

During the 2010 Earth Hour in the city of Uusikaupunki in Finland, a 17-year-old female motorcyclist hit a 71-year-old man, who was walking on the street instead of the sidewalk for an unknown reason. The man died from his injuries, while the motorcyclist and her passenger were uninjured. At the time of the accident the street lights had been turned off as part of the Earth Hour. The police stated that the lack of street lighting may have played a part in the accident, while the mayor believed the city’s street lights would have been too dim to prevent it even if they had been on.

Jeremy Clarkson, ex-host of the BBC motoring programme Top Gear, claimed switching on all electrical items in his home as a protest against the perceived impact of Earth Hour, claiming the event would have little to no effect on attitudes towards climate change.

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Year Observances

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March Observances

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